Responsive Administration
Inaugural speeches at the Workshops of District Collectors and Magistrates on Responsive Administration,
Hyderabad, 13 February 1988, Imphal, 2 April 1988, Jaipur, 30 April 1988
I WOULD FIRST like to apologise for changing the schedule and starting this exercise a little earlier than anticipated. Something came up in Delhi and it was necessary to reschedule things a little bit, but looking at the flexibility and the dynamism with which our administrators always manage to get things done at the last minute, I thank you for accommodating this.
I have two abiding memories from , where we had the first conference of District Magistrates. The first is the impressive dedication to duty of all the Collectors and DMs, exemplified by absence of small and petty complaints about personal problems or individual grievances. To a person, the concentration was on the problems that they faced as administrators, the problems in their official capacity. That is tremendously heartening to see. It shows a tremendous pride in the duties and work that had been entrusted to them and a conscientiousness about discharging those duties.
The second and, perhaps, even stronger impression was of the faith and the belief of the DMs in our democratic institutions and the involvement of the democratic institutions in the development process. This is quite in contrast to the attitudes of administrators 30 years ago, 25 years ago, certainly before Independence, when administrators looked at democratic institutions as meddling in the affairs of development without really knowing about it. The task of development, in their view, was a preserve of the administrator and democratic institutions only interfered in the speed and the value of development that took place. Quite in contrast to that, I found that in our younger generation of administrators there is a totally new perspective of seeing a valid role for the democratic system and, in fact, interacting strongly with it to get the best, the most rapid and, perhaps, the most wholesome development. I found that DMs now readily acknowledge and, perhaps, even enthusiastically seek the harnessing of the people’s co-operation in their work. It is only with this co-operation that we can have economic development with social progress, which is really the essence of our development work.
Because of these two characteristics, I am confident that there can be a totally responsive administration.
These Workshops are also a demonstration of our Government’s commitment to the serious consideration and resolution of the real problems that you face, not personal problems— which we do want to look at, which we are looking at and for which we already have mechanisms to try to solve— but problems that you face in your official capacity, in a sense, your official problems. These seminars are, in a way, demonstrative of our resolve to try to get to the root of these problems and to solve them.
In many ways, our present system is not the most dynamic when it comes to looking at solving problems. We pick the brightest brains in the nation, we train them for a year, perhaps two years, and then we sort of throw them into the wide ocean and for the next 30 or 35 years, we leave them to sink or swim on their own. We don’t give you an adequate indication of the direction in which to swim. Every now and then, we have a sort of adhoc evaluation of whether you are swimming well enough, fast enough, or whether you are swimming in the right direction. If we find that you are not, then we clobber you on the head. And of course, clobbering doesn’t help you swim any better or faster. It only helps you sink. Now we would like to change that. We would like to improve your swimming, give you direction and, perhaps, increase your speed. That is really what these seminars are about. The system is also not satisfactory because it demonstrates a lack of care and concern on the part of the Government of your problems in your official capacity, your needs as administrators. Perhaps these seminars will help overcome this attitude of the Government towards itself.
At all levels and in each hierarchy, including the political, our system induces a certain complacency, perhaps even a certain smugness, an intellectual languor and perhaps even a misplaced arrogance. When you are a DM or an Under Secretary, I am sure there is a feeling that as soon as you get to one rank above you, you can solve all the problems. The Under Secretary feels that when he becomes a Deputy Secretary, he can really get to grips with the problem and there will be a solution. The Deputy Secretary feels that when he becomes a Joint Secretary, he can overcome all the problems and the Joint Secretary when he becomes a Secretary. A Secretary feels that perhaps all the problems lie at the political level and if he gets into politics he can, of course, solve everything. Then, when we get to the political level, we think, “My God! What a mess there is at the bottom!”
So, somehow this chain has to be broken. This can only happen if we interact adequately with each other and try to overcome the problems as seen from every level. This has not been happening in the past. This is one of the things we would like to try to do.
Most of all, the present system divorces administrators, perhaps even the political authorities, from not only other administrators but from larger concerns and goals, from our goals as a nation. Our goals go back to our heritage. They are not just something that we define today. Our goals must be defined keeping in mind our heritage, our culture and our traditions. Our goals cannot be mere economic or statistical goals. Goals cannot be ‘X’ amount of cases under IRDP or under some other scheme, and when you produce it we think that the goal is reached. We must define our goals much better, define them politically and define them administratively. We also have to look at the place that we want for India in the world, in the larger context of humanity. And all that must be reflected in your day-to-day goals, goals which may be very mundane in a way but are part of the greater goal. Unless you see it as part of the greater goal, that drive, that commitment, is not going to be there.
We must look at our system. We are developing too quickly into a very materialistic system of evaluation. Everything seems to be influenced by a very materialistic goal. Can you achieve this? If you don’t achieve this, you are going to be penalised in some way, mostly in a material way; you will get a bad posting in today’s terms, you will lose emoluments in some way, you will get a bad CR and it will then reflect throughout your career. So, in a sense, you are working from a sense of fear that something will be done to you if you do not perform to a particular level.
I think this is all wrong. You cannot get people to work with adequate drive just by inducing fear or threat as a method of motivation. It must be a commitment to a goal which drives you on. Yes, there can be a negative aspect also to something happening if you do not perform, but if that is the primary method of making you perform, I don’t think we can achieve what we are trying to achieve. We must switch from this to a positive commitment. There is enough commitment. I see it at every level, but most of all at the lower levels, where the younger generations are tremendously committed. But, as a government, we do not treat that commitment as a drive. What we try and do is to threaten you— thus pushing everything into distortions. Either you go running, looking for patronage-which is, perhaps, the worst thing that can happen to an administration, or Other distortions come in.
These can only be removed if we change our attitudes, our attitudes from the top down to the administration, but also your own attitudes at your own levels. This, we feel, can only happen with adequate interaction, so that everybody knows what it is all about.
This is where such seminars really do come into their own. We would like to change the system that we have had in the past but change it not by a directive from the top with a limited perspective which then gets us into, perhaps, even worse problems than the present system but to try and get the system itself activated, to get you, at the lower levels, and the administrators at the higher levels to think about these things and let the system itself evolve the answers to problems. We will throw the problems at you. You will throw even more problems at yourselves because you know much more about the problems that you are facing. Then, perhaps, the system itself can evolve the answers and evolve a new system which can cope with changing situations.
The world is changing much too fast for us to have a moribund system which is non-flexible, which cannot evolve and develop with changes in our society, in our country, as they come about in the world. And that is why we would like to get back to you, to involve you, first, with each other, so that you learn that there are similar problems in other parts of the country, perhaps even in other parts of your own State. You don’t have adequate interaction today even to give the feeling to the administration that it belongs to a nation.
We would like to ask you about your problems so that we can know about them. We would like to listen to what you have to say. And we would like to share our perceptions with your perceptions. We feel that in this way we can have a truly responsive and finely- tuned administration, an administration which responds to changing circumstances, and administrators who are responsible and involved in problems, and whose perspective is neither narrow nor parochial, but national and, perhaps, even international, because in today’s shrinking world we cannot isolate anything. Everything is related to what is happening right across the globe. Even your, perhaps very mundane development programmes can be affected by something that happens on the other side of the globe. So this development must be seen in the total perspective.
A responsive administration is tested most at the point of interface between the administration and the people. Therefore, it is essential to hone the cutting edge of the administration. We have always felt that you, at the district level, are the cutting edge of the administra¬ tion, but it was made very clear to me at , and again at Gorakhpur, that at your level, you feel the cutting edge is very much lower, that there are many problems that you face at the cutting edge, which is the BDOs, the thanedars, the patwaris and the hundreds of others that we have created at that level. The point has been very well taken. But then, we would like to divide the cutting edge into two cutting edges, perhaps like the modern blades, and have them both working together at the district level. Once we get down to the district level, we must have the second edge right there cutting even closer to the surface. So, we really have to look at both the edges. We will look at the district edge, and we will help you look at the lower cutting edge to see that both are honed in the right manner.
You are already the chosen few of the nation. You are already trained to a very high degree. You are chosen from the most intelligent groups in the country. It is very easy, perhaps, for us to get down to you and ask you to do certain things, to get a response from you, to get you to interact. But perhaps, it is not so easy to go down to the next cutting edge, where we ask you to go down to the patxvari and the thanedar and ask you to start polishing that edge. We must be able to do both. They must get training at the grassroots level and ensure involvement of the people at the grassroots level. Now, when I am talking of grassroots level, I am talking not of grassroots from our point of view, but the grassroots from your point of view, which is really the village level itself. So we have to work out systems. You must tell us how to work out these systems. Much of it, perhaps, you can do yourselves, by interacting and by giving an input at your level which can change these things. We will help you wherever we can and whenever we can.
One other point that came up at was that development is being hampered by the dependency syndrome of the people. The people in general today are just waiting for Government to do something, even waiting for Government to do the simplest things which they can do themselves, which the community itself can do. The system has become so top-heavy and top-oriented that at every level they look to the level above for a solution. Now, we must push this down, not just in the administration but also sometimes out of the administration to the community. It is only then that you will get the involvement of the local community, that you will get the local community to look for self-help and that is what will really help you to get things done at the lower level. How do we enthuse the local community? How do we involve the local community? This is the sort of question that you will, of course, ask yourselves.
You must have already been given the points and the papers that came up from and you have probably gone through them. I had asked for them to be sent to you, perhaps a week or 10 days before you came here. I hope you got them in time. (If you did, you must be really fortunate because whenever we try to get such things done for our Parliamentary Committees and other meetings, we are not very successful!) So, I hope that you were much more successful and lucky than we are.
However, I would not like you to be bound by what happened in the earlier groups in . That is something for you to go on to develop further and to, perhaps, concretize at this session. But you must also go beyond. There must be other things left out at which you feel are important. Those must come in. If, after the three or four days that you are here, you cannot develop them too much, leave them in a half-developed form. The next group will develop them further, put in their own inputs. This is a sort of continuing exercise in additional inputs while developing on what has been done earlier, by way of an open exercise.
You must not let anybody tie you down in these discussions. You must not feel that there are any hierarchies when you are talking. Everybody must be exactly the same around the table. Even if I am sitting with you, we must talk as one to each other and not up and down. It is only then that there will be proper interaction and proper ideas coming out which can be concretized. It will require a lot of listening by a lot of people. I hope everybody is ready to do that. We are looking forward to this interaction and to the sharing of your experiences. Since Mussoorie, you have probably not had the opportunity to learn of the experiences of others in any systematic manner, especially when it comes to people working in other States and, perhaps, in completely different circumstances. This Workshop provides you with such an opportunity, an opportunity for a cross-fertilisation of ideas and experiences and personalities. I am sure many suggestions will emerge, which will include those of uniform acceptability and those which are specific to a particular application, in either geographic or economic and social terms or, perhaps, relating to some other limited sphere. But all suggestions will, after vetting and processing, be taken to the implementation stage. I am confident that they will add tangibly to a more responsible administration.
But there is a danger against which we must guard. It is that we must not get bogged down in a preoccupation with the details of the experiences of the problems you have had. You must view them from a more distant perspective, in a macropicture and then relate your solutions to that, not just solutions to very, very micro problems. Distance yourself a little bit when you look at problems to try and get macrosolutions, macro at the district level, not looking from the Delhi point of view. You mustn’t forget to relate those problems to the larger goals of the nation. Administrators are sometimes so involved with what they are doing that they don’t make the connection with the larger issues. To them I would like to give E.M. Forster’s injunction: “Only connect! Those who don’t connect remain cogs in the wheel and those who do connect make up the wheel itself and move forward.”
Our larger goals are democracy, secularism, socialism and peaceful co-existence— between communities within the nation and the world community as a whole— and non-alignment. The greater goal must be India’s contribution to the development of humanity, to world civilisation. India has always stood apart in contributing to this, and we cannot be falling behind now. That must link to your day-to-day work. You cannot separate the two. Your goal must always be a much higher goal and then, within that goal, you must strive for the limited task that you have been given towards achieving that greater goal. On your success or failure in the task assigned to you will depend our success or failure in the greater goal for the nation. You must view your work in this perspective. Let us consider each of these in turn and I will relate them to your work.
First, democracy. In 40 years of Independence, we have had eight general elections and scores of assembly elections. We have conclusively established that democracy is the only viable system for India and that our unity is based on diversity because it is that that gives us our democratic strength. However, our institutions of democracy are stronger at the higher levels. At the lower levels, much still needs to be done. There they are too weak. The will of the people is more manifest in Parliament than it is in the gram sabhas and the zila parishads, not because there is any inherent weakness but because, at the grassroots level, elections have not been regular or consistent. We have acquiesced in long and frequent spells of non-representative local government. We want you to further develop and flesh out the connections between representative local government and responsive administration. These were sketched out by many at . You must consider the ticklish issue of the relationship between the political authority at the lower levels and the district administration.
There is another aspect of Indian democracy. Given our scale of economic and social disparities, we must thwart any oppressive tyranny of the elected majority over the poorer and the weaker sections or linguistic and religious minorities. They need special safeguards against social prejudice, against economic discrimination, especially when social prejudice or religious prejudice and economic discrimination is masqueraded as the people’s will. We have safeguards in the Constitution. We have safeguards in our legisla¬ tion. But such safeguards are not adequate. They have to be transformed into social attitudes, into changed social attitudes. A lot needs to be done here. The administration needs to do a lot, but even more than that the political structure at the lowest level needs to do a lot more. And, perhaps, interaction between the political system and the administration at the lower levels is what can achieve progress in this area. We might say that the function of the legislatures is making democracy real, and the function of the administration, especially at the lowest level, must be to make it more meaningful.
Second, secularism. The meaning of secularism is becoming increasingly complex, and more so because of the processes of our economic development. The change, the mobility that this is bringing about, is engendering group rivalries. The processes of social change are causing uprooting of communities, the disruption of the set system, perhaps even an alienation of certain groups. In other words, progress poses its own challenges— to the mind and to the spirit, to morale and perhaps most, to morality. Some respond to material progress by becoming crass materialists. Some others respond more dangerously. They give simple answers to very complex problems, simple answers to be found through fanaticism, fundamentalism, or communalism. What is needed is the golden mean between the pursuit of national progress and continuity through traditional values, the golden mean of Truth and Non¬ violence, tolerance and compassion, of one humanity and one family of nations. We must look for that. This must be the greater goal that we are striving for. This is what Gandhiji’s message was really all about. This must be India’s message to the world today. Economic development is essential if India is to compete and be strong enough. But if we develop only economically we will be no different from the others who are today in a materialist race, forgetting the deeper human values, causing tremendous stress and strain within their own societies. India has always striven for much higher ideals and goals, and India must do that today. We have to go back to the basic thinking and the basic concepts and postulates and then build, derive our own parables for today.
The economic goals and objectives must be matched with similar goals and objectives for humanity as a whole, for the world as a whole, so that life becomes more fulfilling and not just materially better but less fulfilling because that is the road that we are on today. We are bargaining fulfilment, which is there amongst the poor people in our villages today, for development. In fact, fulfilment is there amongst the poorest and is missing from those who have seen economic development. You go to a very poor family. They are happy with nothing. You go to a middle-class family. They are unhappy with much more. Now, is that the right exchange that we want? We want to give them much more but we should not make them unhappy with that. So we need a lot of thinking on how we are going to match these. It is easier to match them when the rate of economic development is slow. The faster our rate of economic development, the more the challenges, the bigger the challenges. The challenge is more for you because you are the ones who are dealing with this at the grassroots level. This is how I would like you to try and look at the tasks that you have to do.
So, for a truly responsive administration, secularism is both a question of law and order and the response to the communal menace. You should display the ability to persuade people to abandon their base attitudes and look at things in a much broader, bigger perspective, to build on well-tried principles of good fellowship, to see ourselves as a family. There are differences in a family, there are differences in points of view within a family but they argue it out, they find ways of working to resolving these issues. They don’t— at least one hopes they don’t-go to violent means of resolution. But this is what we tend to do in our family as a nation. This tendency is there not just because different communities are there, because different languages are there. These differences are perhaps accentuated because we are trying to get various communities together. Just think about it. I want to throw the ideas at you without developing them. No other nation in the world is striving to bring communities together. They are all homogeneous in themselves. It is only India that is heterogeneous and is trying to bring communities together in a democratic manner. It is an example to the whole world, to the world community, to live together, in a more democratic manner and in a system based on values. How do we translate this first into our own system? How do we develop that system so that we can present it to the world as a viable system? The cutting edge again is you. How we can do it, and how well we do it is really in your hands. In brief, a responsive administration is an administration which creates and sustains an ethos of sarva dharma sambhava.
Third, socialism. Socialism has been cited in our Constitution. It is not a foreign ideology to India. It is not based on the perceptions and experiences of others. Our socialism is derived from our own heritage, developed to meet our needs, and based on the values that have been espoused in our freedom struggle. Sometimes there are attempts to distort our view of socialism by imported ideologies and imported sorts of socialism. They will not work in India. The Indian people are much too independent for that. Indian civilisation is much too deeply ingrained in our society for it to be changed by imported thought in this manner. It has never happened in our history. Yes, a lot of thought has come in. It has been taken into our system, synthesised into our system. It has been absorbed into our system. But it has never been forced into our system. And, whenever there have been attempts to force imported ideology into our system they have been rejected. Our society, our civilisation, has rejected them. That will happen even now. So we must take whatever is best in the world and absorb it, synthesise it into our own system. That is what our socialism is all about.
Our socialism is based on the ethical perception that all humanity is a single family— Vasudhaiv a Kutumbakam— one big family without any walls, narrow walls or barriers separating it, where the stronger members have an obligation to the weaker members. This is totally the converse of many other societies, where the basic postulate is that the stronger must crush the weaker and the weaker must fight back. Ours is the reverse. And that is what has given us our strength for 5,000 years. We seek to ensure that the needs of all are met, that equality of opportunity is available, that special facilities are there for socially or otherwise disadvantaged sections. These ethical perceptions provided the basis for Gandhiji’s concepts and his ideology of the freedom struggle. But those principles were not limited to the freedom struggle. They were aimed well beyond political independence. They were aimed at the social and economic emancipation of our country, at the world community. Panditji, on his part, effected the important synthesis between Marxian scientific socialism and India’s reality. Therefore, there exists an authentic Indian Socialist response to the particular problems of Indian poverty and Indian development. In our view, socialism places the individual at the core of the development process. It cannot mean just better statistics. It must mean a better life for the human being.
It must mean a better human being. As we define development, it is not just a matter of economic growth or statistics. Yes, we will chase you about the numbers; we will ask for completing various programmes. But you must remember that, in the completion of the programmes, it is the human being who is at the root of the matter. You must not get so carried away by our asking you to deliver numbers that you give us distorted numbers. By “distortion”, I don’t mean that you are trying to cheat us or that you are fudging the numbers. By “distortion”, I mean completing the task in a manner that is not meaningful to the human being there. The tasks must be completed, the statistics must be completed in a manner that is meaningful to the human being whose life you are there to improve. This is the root of our socialism.
It is in this perspective that we are giving the foremost priority to the removal of poverty through the intervention of the State, through programmes of poverty amelioration and poverty eradication. Hence, the tremendous importance given to the 20-Point Programme, and the other anti-poverty programmes, that are being delivered by you directly at the doorsteps of the poorest people. You administer the IRDP and the rual employment programmes. We would like to hear from you how we can make these programmes more meaningful — meaningful for the people whose lives they are to affect, whose lives they are to change, not just meaningful in terms of presentation to the Planning Commission and the Central Government as statistics, very dry, cut-and-dried statistics. We would like to hear from you about how to change the statistics that we are asking for, that we are measuring, so that these programmes are made meaningful, so that they give you more fulfilment in your job of meeting those statistics. Talking to many at the last Conference at , and then again talking to the DMs in UP, I got the impression that when we put pressure on you to implement a particular programme, the IRDP for example, in the rush to complete the statistics, the depth in which you go into each case is sometimes not good enough. And they have been honest enough to say that when we really put the pressure on you saying by such and such date we must have “X” amount done or such and such percentage done, then you are under pressure to complete the task— and not to complete that task well. Now, how do we change this? We would not like to remove the pressure from you, let me not say that we would not like to keep the pressure on you to complete it, but we would like you to add something more meaningful to the completion of that task. Is it not easy to marry the two? But, perhaps, inputs from your level will help us to do that.
Another very important area that has been worrying me very much is district planning. I am sure it worries you too as it has been flagged at the last two meetings. Now that we are going into the Eighth Plan, I think this is the time that we must think about it. How do we devolve planning down to the district level? We cannot devolve planning down to the district level, if adequate infrastructure, trained infrastructure, is not available at district level to give a good input to the plan. At the same time, there must be a balance between the district’s perceptions and the State’s perceptions. I would even say that, perhaps sometimes the State’s perceptions are not as important as geographic or socio-economic problems of an area, perceptions which could even cross State boundaries. For example, coastal areas have very similar problems. You can’t divide them by State boundaries. Bundelkhand in UP and MP have absolutely the same problem. You cannot say it is different here and different there. So these sorts of ideas must also come in. The greater national perspective must be there. But unless we are able to evolve the planning from the district level together with implementation of the planning process down to the district level, we are going to have in the Eighth Plan the same problems that we have had in the Seventh Plan. We make tremendous decisions in the Plan, then hope it trickles down. But as the commitments to particular goals are less at every level the whole thing gets so diffused, that the Planning Commission is talking about one thing, the State Government is talking about something else, the politicians are talking about something else again, the district administration wants to do something else. And, in the end, nothing really effective is done; everything gets spread so thinly that nothing really fructifies and we don’t get the fruits of our expenditure for much too long. The only way to break through all this is to, first, involve everyone down to the lowest level, in the planning process and then see that responsibility for the implementation of that is handed back to that level. I have said, perhaps, beyond what would be required, but I really want you to think of this and give us positive inputs, so that we can try and put some of that thinking into the Eighth Plan. I don’t know how much we can do, how much NDC would want to do or how much we would like to do in the Eighth Plan. Perhaps, we will have to push some ideas on the Ninth Plan. So do it in a graded way, I really want some inputs on this from you.
We have a lot of anti-poverty programmes but perhaps, from my point of view, the biggest and most important anti-poverty program¬ me is our Education Programme because without that, there can be no getting rid of poverty. If the poor remain uneducated, if the coming generations of the poor remain uneducated or poorly educated, they are handicapped from the word ‘go’. That is why we have put so much emphasis on education. We are just getting the first statistics of the type of enrolment that is taking place in the Navodaya Schools. It is very interesting. There was a tremendous fear, an elitist fear, that these schools are elitist and they will be taken over by the elite. I have forgotten the exact numbers but if I remember correctly 60 per cent of the students come from the poorest category. So, you can imagine what was happening before we introduced these schools. This vast section of highly intelligent children was being lost to the nation, because they just did not have the strength to get educated. Unless we are able to reach down to get the best we cannot get the maximum speed of development in the nation.
Education has to be the core, but education must be targeted towards our economic development. The type of education that we are having is white-collar oriented. It is really tailored to produce unemployment. The whole system is disoriented. These are the things that we must address ourselves to.
Our next biggest anti-poverty programme is agriculture. It has to be agriculture, no matter how much we spend on things like IRDP, NREP, RLEGP and all these other programmes. Agriculture is the programme that really cuts at poverty. Education must be related to that. If the largest number of people are involved in agriculture then education must be related to agriculture. Now, “related to agricul¬ ture” does not necessarily mean related to just sowing seeds and harvesting. There are many areas of agriculture, not just again covering what our agricultural universities are covering, but down streams, from food-processing to marketing of agricultural produce. Unless we go into these areas now, our farmer will not be able to sell his produce at remunerative rates. That means the whole thrust of the Green Revolution will be lost. We must spread out into other areas. The farmer must be made more flexible. Now, all this will only happen with correct education at that level. So, this is another area that we must look at, and again where we are looking to you for a feedback.
Then, education must also give an incentive. I said earlier that one of the problems is that the people are always looking to you and looking to us for everything, even the tiniest thing. Again, education is responsible for this. We must educate people to have much more initiative. We must educate the community, our society, to start looking after itself also. Yes, our society is very poor. But, if we go back, our society was much poorer four generations ago. Yet, four generations ago there was the community spirit. People did work for the community. They thought of what they could do for the community. Today, that is gone. We cannot really develop adequate¬ ly without that spirit. Education must be one of the key factors in bringing it back. Again, with incentive must come diversification of the economy, diversification of what our people do in industry. Increasingly, industry is becoming State-controlled which is good in certain areas, is equally bad in other areas. Again, we must establish the proper balance.
Expanding the public sector is crucially important to maintaining India’s Independence. Without the strategic needs supplied by the public sector, a country in the stage of development that India is in today cannot be stable and strong. So that is a need and it must be done and we will do it. But equally important is efficiency in the system. If the system is not efficient, it cannot give you the strength that is required. It cannot be the backbone that is required to strengthen the nation and to sustain the nation through a difficult period, and these are again areas that you must think about— public sector efficiency. When I talk of the public sector, I am really talking of all public activity including what you deliver, which, in a range, is strictly outside the PSUs but is still public work done by the Government. Efficiency is most important. Innovativeness, dynamism must be brought in. We are already getting to a stage where the cost of delivery is becoming so high that soon, we will not be able to deliver the programmes at all. We are spending certainly two-thirds of the cost of a programme on the delivery mechanism rather than on the programme itself. Surely, the people will not support this for too long. They will put up with it for perhaps a decade, perhaps two decades more. But if this cost is going to increase to 80-90 per cent of the programme, then surely, people are not going to put up with it. Something will have to be done about it. Now, again, this is an area that you must look at. You must see how we can cut through this red tape, these cobwebs, to make the system much more efficient.
As growth and development proceed, as our society changes, as our economy becomes stronger, our socialism must adapt to that. We must go back to the basic postulates and re-apply them to the changed situation. A responsive administration recognises these evolving changes and evolves appropriate answers.
Fourth is the question of Non-alignment. The tendency amongst our district officers, indeed, of the civil service and our population as a whole is to regard our foreign policy as far removed from our daily problems. Why, it is asked, spend so much time and energy on fighting for Disarmament, on arguing about Non-alignment in particular. What may look like very technical arguments of the Foreign Office on particular issues which are really, in the micro view, are relevant to tubewells for drinking water, for agriculture, or your daily problems. The fact is that in the world in which we are living today, communication and interaction between nations is such that everything relates to everything else. I am not thinking or suggesting for a moment that you spend 80 per cent of your time on foreign policy, but you must be aware of the meaning of that in your daily work and how it affects your work. Most of all, peaceful co-existence in the world is essential for any development work to take place. If there is no peace, if there are tensions, resources are diverted— not just financial resources but also human resources. For example, if there was less tension in our area, in our region, we would not have to spend such vast amounts on defence. We would not have to divert so much effort and energy to our security. All that could be deployed into economic development, social development, but we can’t do so because there are tensions. So, foreign policy is directly relevant to what is available to you in terms of human resources and material resources.
In a similar way, basically like I said earlier, we cannot divorce the greater goals of the nation from the immediate targets of economic development. Both must go together. First the betterment of the human being, of the human race. Together with that, development: economic and other development. Disarmament relates directly to resource availability. Today, over a trillion dollars a year are being spent on military purposes in the world. If my calculation is correct, that translates to something like two-and-a-half crores a minute in the world. Now imagine what that can mean to economic development. But, of course, all of it is not going to be available to you. Much of it is in the developed countries, in the industrialised countries. But what it will do is, it will stabilise their economies. Today, the world’s economies are in a mess. Ours is going through a very difficult period. Why? Because the developed countries’ economies are in a mess. They are overspending on defence. The US economy is not stabilising. If that does not stabilise, economies of all other countries are going to be unstable.
So, all these things relate directly to you. We cannot divorce them from direct economic development work at the grassroots level even if we look at it in the most materialistic and mundane manner. Most of all, on our foreign policy depends our independence, our security, our sovereignty and, equally, our self-respect in the world. Now, all that is as much part of building a nation as your work in a village in the remotest corner of the country, is part of building the nation. Unless all of it happens together we will not have a nation at the end of our work. So, we must see the picture as a whole.
I have really spent too much time talking. I would like to leave you thinking about what you can do. I am looking forward to coming back to be with you in a couple of days. I wish you all the very best in your Workshop.
***
Imphal, 2 April 1988
This series of Workshops of District Magistrates, Deputy Commissioners and Collectors is proving in one way much more productive than we had initially envisaged. A lot of new ideas are coming up, a lot of interesting perceptions and a sense that the problems and the prospects for overcoming those problems are much clearer at the district level than we sometimes find at the State headquarters or in Delhi.
On the other hand, there are definitely some problems too, that have come up by our holding these Workshops. You must yourself have felt that there is a sort of resistance building up as to why we are talking to DMs; people are asking why should this be done?
There is a resistance to all new approaches. We have to face this resistance. I am very clear that the positive aspects of what we are .getting from these Workshops are very much greater than any negatives that may come. What is also interesting is the quarters from which the resistance comes. There is, of course, the political angle which people are trying to throw into it. But because we had perceived that there might be such a political reaction, we have tried to be very, very ‘proper’ about these Workshops and kept politics, or Centre State relations for that matter, absolutely out of any discussions that take place in these Workshops.
Interestingly, there is also resistance from other echelons in the bureaucracy. I don’t know what they think that we will do or you will do together. But I am very clear that if we, at the decision¬ making level, are to get the right inputs then we should try and get them as unfiltered as possible. From our point of view, that really means at the DM or district level. We still think that the district level is the cutting edge, although I know that at the district level you feel that the cutting edge is much below. But, from our point of view, this is one of the most important levels, and we really want a lot of interaction and input from you. The objective is to build a consensus to solve the problems that we all are facing. It is a slow process. We must persist on this path that we have taken. It is the only way I feel that we will be able to get India out of the sluggishness in its growth. The potential is tremendous but, somehow, we have not been able to channelise and put it all in one direction, without too much pulling in various directions.
If we are to build India into a live and vibrant society, into a system that is alive or active enough to question itself, to reach out in new directions, we need this type of interaction. At the same time, we must also give a hearing to the voices of caution and conservatism because it is with the correct mix of both that we will find the right way out of the problems that we are facing.
This Workshop is at the midpoint of this particular exercise. We still have, if I remember rightly, two more Workshops to go. We feel that much of what started off as just a very coarse idea, which had just been thrown in, has started fructifying into actionable points. On some, we have already started acting, on others, like district planning, which has come up as one of the major things, we have set the ball rolling. But there is a lot of resistance along the way. We have brought three samples of what the Planning Commission has by way of District Plans. Nobody is really very happy with them. But we thought that we would throw at you the best that we could lay our hands on, while reminding you that the best is nowhere near acceptable and a lot more needs to be done if district planning is to be a reality.
Many in the first Workshop, and then many more DMs in the second Workshop, started questioning the functioning of the whole system, the administrative system in the country, not just the IAS but the whole bureaucracy. What is, I think, good and revealing is that the system itself is questioning the methods that have been traditionally followed, the road along which things have turned a bit at a time. Perhaps you could also think about these things. We must also relate the larger national goals I have covered in , then again in Hyderabad to the more specific issues of administration. I don’t really want to go through the whole thing again, the basic goals of democracy, of secularism, of socialism, of non-alignment. 1 won’t try and go into the details at all but what is important is that at every level of administration there must be an understanding of our basic policies. I have no doubt that there is. But there must also be a basic understanding of why those policies have been evolved and what we are trying to achieve with them. Too often today our goals seem to be limited to economic goals, even the tasks we set for you. What do we ask you to do? We ask you how many wells you have dug; what percentage of this programme or that programme you have achieved. That is all very well. It is necessary. But, behind that, there must be a basic realisation of the ideology, the philosophy from which it flows.
For example, what is the role that India must play in the international community? Now that is not something which should really be left to the Foreign Office boys as a sort of closed department of the IFS. It cannot be. It is what is in the mind and the heart of the country that is reflected in international policy. If the country does not have the will to follow a particular international policy, then we will not be able to do it, no matter how independent we might want to be. The crux of the issue is independence of action and a better deal to humanity, not just in India but right across the world. And that flows from Gandhiji’s basic postulates of Truth, of Non-violence, of no division between caste and community or religion or country or race, for that matter. These are all artificial barriers that we have built. If we are to break these barriers, we need to believe in it ourselves first.
A country like India can only stand as an international power. We don’t have any intention of being an international power in the sense of coveting power but certainly in terms of thinking, in terms of ideals, in terms of economic strength. India must be at the forefront. We can only be at the forefront if there is a basic change in world attitudes. If it is divided into blocs, there will always be two blocs. And the more independent thinking countries, the Non-aligned countries, won’t get an opportunity then to come up. Their economic development opportunities are blocked. So, in a sense, on the one hand, your work, the roots of the thinking at the district level, at the grassroots level, gives us the strength for independent action in foreign policy by maintaining our independence. On the other hand, only with a much stronger foreign policy and independent action can we make the tools available to you to be more effective at the grassroots level, whether it is by way of economic support or new technologies or new science. Unless there is this flow both ways, we will be left behind. So there can be no separation between foreign policy and domestic policy. It is all part of one package. I would like you to keep this in mind when we talk of national integration, of ending communalism, of fighting fundamentalism. How is it to be fought? Is it to be fought by the police? By guns, perhaps, by new weapons for riot control or whatever? Or is it to be fought in the hearts and minds of men? You have to fight it in both places. You are not in a position where you can suddenly switch over from one to the other. But the real fight is not with guns and lathis and shields, the real fight is with ideas. It is with thinking.
That is the way you must be the key movers, not just because you are DMs and have joined the IAS or the State services, but because you are the very limited number of our intelligentsia which is residing in the rural areas. Everybody else who is going to give the leadership in thinking runs away. You must give this leadership also. And you must be provocative in this. It is not just a question of selling an idea. It is a question of developing a philosophy, the roots of which have been laid by Gandhiji, by Panditji, by our founding fathers. We must go to the roots of that but model the interpretation or the use of that to today’s conditions— today’s conditions in the district, in the country, and internationally. I would like you to really think of yourselves as just much more than somebody posted out to complete the 20-Point Programme or to fill up the various proformas that we keep demanding of you, or any other real routine task. You must be the key or the prime mover in a district for building the nation.
The nation wasn’t built the day we signed the Constitution. The Constitution is the basis on which we are building it, and you are there, in the districts building brick by brick. Unless you build strongly and lay the really solid foundations that are required, we cannot fulfil the Constitution. So, I would just like to repeat that you must think of your role as much greater than Just the mere role of administering a district. It is only when you have that feeling in you that you will really be able to work the way that I certainly would like you to work. I hope that these Workshops will give a new thrust in this area.
Back to the more mundane. In the earlier Workshops, one of the important things that have come up is the relationship between a more responsive administration, which is what the Workshops are for, and a good democratic local government. I think the emphasis there must be on “democratic” because many local governments today are not really democratic. There is, of course, the blatantly undemocratic nominated zila parishads, with a nominated chairman. There is also the much more subtle method, where you have an elected man but the powers have been taken away and given to some nominated or appointed person. So, while the one may look better on paper and the other may not look so good, the fact is that neither is really good. We must build a very good responsive system which you can relate to. Unless the administrator in the district has a good political body to react with or interact with, it is very difficult for him to be really effective. Also, if you are to be effective in other areas beyond just administration, in the really deeper areas of nation¬ building, of ending communalism, fundamentalism, of breaking the barriers, whatever barriers there may be, of caste, or religion or region or language or whatever— then it is all the more important that there be a good political body for you to interact with. That can only come about by having proper elections to local bodies.
We have been trying to push for this. I must admit that we have had very limited success when it comes to really measuring the quantity of democracy which has really been devolved. But I think the direction has been set. In the coming one-and-a-half years, we should be able to have elections in just about all the regions in the country. And that would help you in your task.
One of the fears that keeps being thrown up when we talk of elections at the local bodies and zilla level is that the stronger groups, whoever they may be in a village or district, tend to take over and the weaker sections are just bullied and forced to do various things. But, after listening to the DMs in the last two sessions and talking with them, I have a feeling that there is a stronger opinion that if you do have regular elections, then elections at the local level really break across these barriers. Barriers which politicians and people at higher levels tend to build really get demolished at the local level. Perhaps this could also be another tool that we could use to break these traditional barriers. Perhaps, “platform” is a better word than barriers because we call them barriers but use them more as platforms. Perhaps this could be another way to break these sectarian or parochial platforms that we build.
One other major thing that comes out of these Workshops is the ability to interact amongst yourselves from which we don’t necessarily want to derive anything but we would like you to have an opportunity to interact, to exchange ideas, to throw your problems at each other, perhaps your solutions at each other and see how some problems could be solved, how a solution could, perhaps, have been better if it had been done in another way, compare solutions to the problems that you have faced. Well, from that, automatically, a new ethos will be built. Perhaps four days are not enough for you to get to know each other well enough, to really talk openly when you have been in a system which has been built in very sealed boxes with no interaction, either vertically or horizontally, across State boundaries. It may not be that easy initially. That was one reason why we increased the length of these Workshops so that it would give you a little time to open out to each other. But perhaps we can continue this exercise, not finish with just the five Workshops which will end by May or June this year. We would continue it, and in that continuity we will build enough knowledge about each other to be able to speak much more freely. Information will then really flow, like it should be flowing.
The second major thing that has come out of the Workshops is that local level democracy needs local level or district-level planning.
I just mentioned this in passing earlier but here a lot of work has to be done. We have set the ball rolling with the mid-term review of the Seventh Plan, the Action Plan for agriculture. Agriculture, as you are all aware, has not done as well as the rest of the Plan. We have already got detailed district plans for 169 districts in the agricultural sector. Again, it is not as detailed as I would have liked it.
We don’t necessarily want the details in Delhi, but the details must be there at district headquarters. You must have the information available to make your decisions. That also is not good enough at the moment. I am not trying to say this as a way of apportioning blame to any individual either at the district level or at the Centre, but of the system as it has developed. We are just not bothered enough about these things. It is time that we started thinking seriously about how our planning should go into the next phase of development.
One obvious direction is district planning. For that we need a lot of inputs, again not in Delhi but at the district level. We need statistical inputs. Even more important than that, we need intellectual inputs. These are just not available in sufficient quantity or quality at the district level. I am not implying that the DMs are not intelligent and can’t cope with it, but the capability for planning, the expertise is not there. There are not enough engineers, there are not enough statisticians, there are not enough of anything available. What is there are normal people who have just sort of risen step by step up along the system and are not innovative and don’t have a mind flexible enough to think in new concepts.
So, if we are going to have good district planning, we have to see how we can get the people back out of the big towns and the districts. It is no use their coming to the district for two weeks to work on the Plan. It is not going to work that way. Local people do develop, but they tend to leave the districts and go to the major metros. The system must be such that local people develop in these various fields, to somehow keep them in the districts or perhaps, get people back to the districts from the metros so that we can have this expertise available. When I look at the question of economic development, the major problem that I feel I am facing at the Centre is the rivalry between genuine economic development and populism. How are we going to break that? The easiest thing for us at the Centre is to become populist. For a few years, everything will go very well. Then, somebody will have to answer for it. The only way I feel that we can really break this vicious circle of populism is to start the thinking process in earnest at the district level.
The minute you start thinking in earnest and in seriousness about what development really is, and what will give real benefits, not passing or illusory benefits, but real benefits, 1 am sure our people are intelligent enough and have the inherent wisdom to take the right decisions. Today that process is not happening in the rural areas, perhaps not even at the district level with the intensity with which we would like to see it happen.
In a sense, I can say that I have a vested interest in seeing this thinking process and the planning process start at the district level because that is where building the real strength of the country will
Start. We will then get out of this vicious circle of populism. 1 don’t think we can pretend that it will entirely disappear. But, at least if the balance is restored and the majority thrust goes into real solid long-term development, then we will be able to face this tidal wave which is hitting us at the moment, and save the country from a vicious circle of populism which can only end in disaster, disaster for any country but certain disaster for a country like India.
I have already given very clear instructions to the Planning Commission, and they have started work on the Eighth Plan. The Eighth Plan will be built from the district level upwards and not from Delhi down to the district level. We have already told them categorically to do so.
Now comes the crunch. When they start asking questions, not enough people are ready with numbers, with figures, with statistics, with inputs. So, we would like that two years of the Seventh Plan to be used as, perhaps, a test period to see what we can achieve in this direction. I would like the first year of the Eighth Plan to start with good district planning. Certainly, it must not go beyond the second year of the Eighth Plan. And this, of course, will depend entirely on how successful you are at the district level. Once we talk of district planning, we are really relying very much on you to deliver. And not to deliver just numbers. Numbers are very easy to throw up. 1 will give you an example. We were at a Parliamentary Consultative Committee meeting. One of the MPs said, what is all these statistics that you people talk about? His brother was the DM in one of the districts and the State Government had written to him asking about poultry farms, about how many chickens there were in his district. He ignored the first request. He ignored the second request. He received the third request on the day that this MP was sitting there in his office. He just wrote down a number. He said that there were 2,00,700 chickens in his area, and sent it. This MP was a little taken aback. He asked him what he was doing, and the DM replied, who is going to come and count the chickens in my district?
So, statistics just for the sake of statistics are no good. They must relate to what we want to do. The problem really starts at the Central level because we ask for the wrong things. We always ask for the wrong things. And when we ask for a wrong thing you do the wrong things. You give us the statistics, and they don’t really mean anything. Other DMs have told me that they do things to fill the statistics, to get the targets that have been set. But they know themselves that what they are doing is not really as beneficial as perhaps this could be. Yes, because the number has been set and you have been asked to do something, you do it. It doesn’t even necessarily give us the result that we are looking for.
Take family planning, for example. What do we ask for? The number of operations, the number of protected couples. But we seldom seem to ask for the birth rate. Now, what are we really worried about, the number of protected couples or the number of operations? If we ask for the wrong thing, you give us the wrong thing. So, this whole thing has got to be rectified.
It can’t be rectified straightaway. It will take a little while to get things back on track again. But it must start at every point and at every level. If we all put our minds to it and start sorting out these things, automatically things will start working out in a much more positive way.
We have brought here three draft district plans from the Planning Commission which they have felt are amongst the better district plans that they have got. At the same time, the questions that are asked are devastating and show how much is lacking in the district plans that we have brought.
The Planning Commission have made their own comments on these plans. So, we have brought the plans to ask you what you think about them, to get some input from you as to how you feel about them, the questions that you would like to raise. These will all then go in as inputs for building the Eighth Plan.
If we can get it right, right at the beginning, then we won’t be floundering around in the first few years trying to sort things out. So, you must be asbolutely unabashed and open about what you feel about them, what you feel should be done, and what more can be done. Only, if you are absolutely open, will we get the right input. If you let yourselves be a little hesitant, then we will not get the input that we need, we will get some sort of half-baked thing which you will then have to deal with. So the problem really will be much more severe for you. It is better that you let us have it now, rather than that we let you have it later. This is really a first and very tentative exercise. We will build upon this. We will continue this work. But we do want a very complete input from you.
At the beginning of the Workshops, we found that the DMs were having very serious problems in two different ways with the bureaucracy at the lower levels. Firstly, in the quality of the person and his ability to cope with problems, his training levels, his motivation levels. Secondly, in the hierarchical system. What was once a very well-defined system of who was the boss and how the things would run has now, I think, divided up into some 14 different parallel organisations in some districts, perhaps less in some others.
Fourteen seems a very substantial amount to cope with if everybody is pulling in different directions. On these two areas we really need a lot of thinking.
Some DMs have done individual work in trying to increase the motivation and improve the qualification levels of the various groups. Some have been quite successful. Some have not been so successful. But, either way, the exercises have really been isolated in districts. Not only that, they have been limited to the particular DM. One DM comes, he does something, it works. These DMs are there for a very short period. It works for that short period, then the DM is transferred and the whole thing collapses. So some thinking is needed here. I don’t think we should in any way try to have a system which would be uniform but, perhaps, with just more interaction between yourselves, you can start building a system which is related to reality. We do not need a standardised system because these things always will be related very much to the local environment in the district and the individuals who are there. But some sort of continuity can remain even when there are transfers and different postings. Another very difficult area in motivation is public motivation.
Too much of the burden of development is falling on government. It is not that the government wants to shirk that responsibility, but when it rests so much on government the people lose interest in their own development. A certain lethargy comes in. That too must be broken. In the old days, there was a lot of interaction between voluntary organisations, not necessarily of the highly organised type that we have got nowadays but of local, small ones. Schools used to be run. People used to contribute to make roads, to put kharanja. All that is gone now. Now everybody waits for government to even come and sweep outside their doorsteps. Nobody, no country, can develop like this. We cannot build a nation which is built on somebody else doing your work, somebody else taking your responsibility. Yes, government has and must have certain bigger responsibilities. But if you start getting involved in the nitty-gritty then you just will not have time to do the real work that you have got to do. So, we must involve the people in some way. The second question is that of who is in charge. This is a very difficult and delicate area. I don’t want to step out too far on it. I would rather let you do the stepping out, and just give you an opening to start thinking about it. Very clearly there are problems if a district does not have one head of the administration. If there is no one focus in the administration, there are going to be problems. There are problems today. How do we get out of this? Who should be there? How senior should he be? Is this career pattern the best career pattern? Are the districts more important than the secretariat or are the districts less important than the secretariat? Who should be sitting where? And should we have very senior people at the district level? What is the importance of the district? Middle level? Or a more junior level? All these things need thinking and of course, it flows from the question of who is to be in charge here.
I feel that it is necessary that we must have an administration at the district level which focusses at one point. The first question that comes up is who is in charge and who should be the head? What is the relationship of the Head of Administration to the elected local body? What is its relationship to the State Body? Should we envisage a local government as comprising an elected body with an administrative Head, a sort of mini-Chief Secretary?
Certainly, the way the system is drifting today, it cannot cope with the challenges that lie ahead. 1 think most of us are fairly clear about this.
On the anti-poverty programmes I won’t say much. A lot has already been said. They are our key-thrust areas and of great importance but, at the same time, they are not the only anti-poverty programmes. This must be remembered. Agriculture is perhaps the biggest anti-poverty programme because that is where the whole thing is really being generated.
The other point is that somehow, the anti-poverty programmes have also been divided up into two categories. There is the handout category and there is the build up category. A handout category is very necessary but it is necessary only for that strata which is much too weak to make use of a build up category. Yet we find that this handout category is now stretching across the board. So those who are really in need are not getting it. New thinking is required on this also. Perhaps, again, the key is the questions that we ask and the targets that we set for you. Perhaps more flexibility is needed, more freedom of action, a little elbow-room at district level.
This was pointed out in one of the earlier Workshops. I have already given instructions that in the hundred-per-cent-Centre- financed programmes, this freedom will be given to you. We could get into a little bit of problem in the combined Centre-State programmes because there we don’t quite know how to deal with this but Delhi and your State capitals will try and sort that out also.
We have set the directions. I am sure that this will help you also. But on all these programmes we need much more involvement from you in updating, fine tuning our programmes. In Delhi everybody pretends that they know everything but the distance is too great. I don’t know how this happens as everybody who is now in Delhi was in a district once.
Lastly, I want to go back to what I started, with the national goals. Why are we here? What did we fight to get our Independence for? Was it just for roti, kapdci aur makan, or is there something more beyond? Are we going to be happy with only roti, kapda aur makan ?
There is some very basic thinking that we have to do on this. We cannot lose our threads with our civilisation in the run of economic uplift or economic gain. We cannot break with our heritage. We cannot lose our traditions, our culture. That thread must continue. I do not think it would be a good bargain if we can give drinking water, roads, schools and industries and, in exchange, we lose that ethos that has kept India, India; if we lose the spirituality that has made India, India.
There are deeper things that we must protect and preserve as part of our civilisation. In doing this, much of the responsibility must also fall on your shoulders. Gandhiji, Panditji, Indiraji have given us the direction. It is all there. We must interpret it correctly and in keeping with the time. That is the important issue.
Too often we grab a particular interpretation of a philosophy made forty years ago, and we apply it to today and it doesn’t work. We have to go back to the basic thinking. Think for yourself and then apply it to today. Then it will work for us. It means much more effort in not just carrying on what has come to us, but skipping back, rethinking for ourselves and then reapplying the same ideology and philosophy for today’s challenges and today’s problems.
During these meetings I have found tremendous scope amongst the District Magistrates for us to build on. There is tremendous awareness, there is tremendous integrity and there is tremendous drive. If we can get all these going, all down one road, without too many pulls and pushes, I have no doubt that India can really move ahead to its rightful place, the place we held before we went under.
SO to say. We were then at the pinnacle. People were looking for India from across the globe. They would sail for two years, three years, looking for India. Why? Because India had the basic philosophy, India had the best technology of the times, India had everything. It had the riches, both intellectual and material. In the couple of hundred years of colonisation, we have fallen behind. India can and must and will get back to that position. For that, we need this drive, starting at the base, starting at the grassroots. This is really what I feel you must do.
***
Jaipur, 30 April 1988
Since the achievement of Independence, and more particularly, since the advent of planned development, the country has looked to the district administration to serve as the principal instrument for the country’s development. The administration is the vehicle of delivery. Its efficiency determines whether development really reaches the people. It is also the perspectives and approaches of the district administrators which, in many ways, determine the content of development. Whether development concentrates merely on rapid economic growth or extends to social reform, distributive justice and human resource development, depends in good measure on the attitudes of the district administration. That is why it is essential that district administrators relate the details of their daily tasks to the larger national goals of democracy, socialism, secularism and non-alignment. That is also why it is important that our administrators be imbued with the essential values of our millennial traditions: Truth and Nonviolence; tolerance and compassion; one humanity and one world. I have explained in previous inaugural addresses at , Hyderabad and Imphal this broader context in which I would like you to consider the specific tasks of evolving a more responsive administration. Those speeches have been circu¬ lated to you. Today, I propose to be more pointed and specific.
The major conclusions emerging from the earlier Workshops are that a truly responsive administration must have two essential characteristics; it must be representative, and it must be responsible.
At present, most district administrations are not representative because we have allowed democratically elected local bodies to wither away. Even where elected local bodies do exist, planning and development functions are, to a large extent, divorced from these institutions. A district administration that is not a democratic administration cannot be a representative administration. A major systemic increase in responsiveness will arise out of making district administration more representative.
The other significant systemic reason for the lack of responsive¬ ness in our administration is that there is inadequate devolution of authority and responsibility to the district level. Even such responsi¬ bility as has been devolved has become so diffused that no one really knows at which point in the administration responsibility really lies. There is no longer a single focal point in the district administration. No one person feels he or she is responsible. The second major lacuna in our not having a really responsive administration is that we do not have a really responsible administration.
At this Workshop, I would like you to focus your attention on the specific question of how to make district administration: (a) more representative and (b) more responsible so that we end up with an administration that is altogether more responsive. We do not want snap answers from you. We want you to cogently argue out in writing the pros and cons of all the issues involved. The paper that emerges from this Workshop should be of seminal importance. It should enable us to conduct a really meaningful national debate. We hope to reach reasoned conclusions that enjoy the consensus and support of the country’s polity and bureaucracy as a whole. With a view to facilitating your task in this regard, we have reduced the number of groups into which you will be divided with increased opportunities for interaction among the groups.
A Theme Paper, based on discussions in earlier Workshops, sets out the issues on which we want you to reflect earnestly and deeply. The paper you produce must be detailed and specific. It must be worded with care and enjoy the broad support of the Group and the Workshop as a whole. Where there is disagreement, the alternative views must be set out clearly and cogently.
The first Group will be addressing itself to the question of a democratic framework for district planning. We have had long and varied experience, in different parts of the country, with elections to Panchayati Raj institutions at the village, mandal and zila levels.
Constitutional provisions have ensured free and fair elections to Parliament and the State Assemblies. While elections to these bodies have been held regularly, elections to local bodies have been sporadic and uncertain. Local bodies have often been superseded.
Elected representatives in local bodies have often been replaced by nominated persons. In your view, what measures need to be taken to ensure regular elections to Panchayati Raj institutions?
Second, how should such elections be supervised? Third, should all Panchayati Raj institutions be elected directly by the people? Or would there be merit in basing elections to membership or office on some other indirect basis? You might consider this question in the light of the relationship of MPs and MLAs to the work of zila parishads, as well as the question of safeguards for. the weaker sections.
Group I may then address themselves to another set of questions relating to the responsibilities of the Panchayati Raj institutions. What are the subjects which should be assigned to their jurisdiction?
Should the devolution of these responsibilities be a matter of administrative discretion or should they be more firmly based?
To ensure that responsibility is not merely a matter of additional powers, should there not be a requirement for local bodies to raise a part of their own revenues? The theme paper refers to the interesting revenue-raising experiments carried out by district planning bodies in Gujarat.
Also within the ambit of responsibilities to be devolved to elected district bodies, I would like you to give consideration to the question of the protection of the rights of the weaker sections. There is the genuine apprehension expressed that dominant interests of caste or community or sheer economic muscle-power, especially in rural areas, will use, or misuse, the electoral process to ride roughshod over the interests of the weaker sections. It has also been pointed out in earlier Workshops that in tribal areas, whatever the electoral standing and electoral representation of the tribal population, the non-tribal minority tends to quickly dominate elected bodies and use them to exploit the tribals. What special safeguards would you recommend?
Group I would also need to look into the relationship between bodies for district planning and development, on the one hand, and full-fledged elected zila parishads on the other. Where should the final powers of decision-making be vested?
Finally, Group I should ask itself whether to recommend a single model uniformly applicable to the whole country, or whether it would suggest that the model be modified to take account of special circumstances. With the immense diversity of our country, would you recommend one model with some exceptions? Or a number of fixed models? Or, at the other extreme, leave it to each State, to devise its own model or models?
Group II has the very important task of reflecting upon the relationship between the official administration and elected Pan- chayati Raj institutions, the role of each officer in the administration, and his relationship with officers of other services. How will the workload and relationship work with more devolution of powers?
In this light we would like you to thoroughly examine the structure of the official machinery from the district level through the block and tehsil levels, right down to the VLW. In doing this, you must remember that the structure must be capable of providing full official back-up support to the machinery of planning up to and including the district level. It must also, perhaps more importantly, be capable of fulfilling its functions in the implementation of the district plan. When we talk of district planning, responsibility can clearly not be limited to helping formulate the plan. There is much more that needs to be done in terms of implementation. The structure should also indicate the different disciplines that need to be incorporated to make for effective planning. The theme paper suggests additional disciplines that must be represented in the planning machinery. You should consider the sources from which officers of sufficient experience might be drawn to live and work in the district. You would have to consider what facilities and compensatory allowances might be required to attract officers of sufficient experience. You should also go into the question of utilising local talent, available in local colleges and institutions and various professions, which could be inducted into the planning process. Would this considerably increase the numbers or would it reduce the total numbers in the administrative system? You might also see how to integrate voluntary organisations and co-operative societies into the overall system. There is also the ticklish question to be considered of the role of the MPs and MLAs for the area in the deliberative and decision-making processes of district planning.
The Group should then turn its attention to the integration of this official machinery with the elected bodies. It would not do to have a system where Panchayati Raj institutions are elected but real power resides elsewhere or with non-elected officials. District planning should be founded on district democracy. What model or models of district administration would you suggest which would fulfil this purpose?
Group II has a complex and difficult task ^head of it. I would expect them to argue their point of view in detail, take into account different models, and present us with a very detailed organisation chart, or, indeed, several charts, if they come to the conclusion that more than one model is required.
Group III is charged with the nitty-gritty of district planning. To facilitate your comprehension of what needs to go into the exercise, the Planning Commission have arranged for four district planning models, drawn from four different ecological zones, to be presented to you at this Workshop. The District Magistrates of these four districts are here to assist you in understanding the models that have been prepared. By going into the details of these models, you would be able to draw your key lessons of general applicability.
For effective district planning, the first requirement would appear to be as detailed, comprehensive and easily retrievable data as necessary. Not too little; even more important, not too much. This would be the context in which the computer-based DISNIC system would prove its true worth. We must ensure the proper synchronization of computer hardware so that no difficulties arise later on this score.
The second major requirement of effective district planning is a need-based perspective. Within a projection of what must be achieved over, say, a five-year or ten-year period, the district planning authorities would be able to prepare a proper annual plan which takes into account the constraints of the resources available. In the absence of a long-term need-based perspective, there would be endless confusion over how to allocate scarce resources amongst competing ends. Allied to this point is the need for district planners to have a thorough familiarity with, and understanding of, national goals and State Government objectives. Clearly what is done at the district level must dovetail into the national plan. You might consider how best this might be ensured.
You should then turn your attention to the question of district budgeting. Too many of the existing district planning bodies tend to confuse budgeting with planning. Yet, district planning, which has to take available resources, and their allocation between different uses as fixed, cannot be particularly meaningful. We have to build feasible financial flexibility into district planning. This is also the appropriate context in which to consider the question of elected district and sub-district authorities raising some part of their own revenues.
District planners will be faced with many of the same difficult choices which confront planning bodies at State and Central levels. Indeed, the choices will be even more acute and painful because the district planner is so much closer to those between whose interests he is required to choose. Planning cannot consist of listing everybody’s dreams. Planning is, essentially, a question of choosing a reality from amongst the dreams. It is essential that the resources should not be spread too thinly, in the interest of some kind of paper equality. Since district planning must be based on watersheds, ground water aquifers, soil differences and other variables, there has to be a selective use of resources in identified areas, not a blind mathematic¬ al division of resources among different sub-areas.
This also raises the question of the primary unit of planning. Should this be the district or the block? In some States, where district planning has been rather more effective than in others, the block has been taken as the primary unit. You might wish to explore this matter in depth. You might also want to consider what the priority areas for district planning should be. Planning will always have a major Central and State component, implementation of which takes place at the district level.
How are these to be co-ordinated with district plans, both at the planning and the implementation stage? Should district plans concentrate specifically on particular areas such as the Minimum Needs Programmes, the Special Component Plan and theTribal Sub¬ plan ? How far would one go in giving powers to zila parishads, mandal panchayats and gram sabhas for sanctioning and re-approp¬ riating funds?
Group III should also consider linkages between the different development agencies, including co-operatives and banks and other institutions which fall outside the government-run system as such.
I will not say much at this stage about Group IV, which will be consolidating and refining the recommendations made by previous Workshops on a whole series of matters relating to responsive administration but which, strictly speaking, fall outside the purview of district democracy and district planning. I have said much about these matters in my previous inaugural addresses. I have also spent several hours with nearly twenty different Groups which have considered these questions. I would only emphasise that the members of Group IV should attempt to relate these specific concerns to the larger national goals which I have referred to in my addresses at , Hyderabad and Imphal.
I have had to resist the temptation to list the questions I have in mind in too much detail. I have also wanted to leave you as free as possible to come up with your own independent but well-considered conclusions. I look forward to being with you on Monday evening and Tuesday morning to see how we can give meaningful content to our basic equation, namely, that Representativeness and Responsibility equal Responsiveness.
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