Responsive Administration
Coimbatore, 18June 1988
When we began this series of Workshops on Responsive Administration, our attention was primarily focussed on the nittty-gritty of problems at the interface between the district administration and the people the administration is designed to serve. But it soon became clear that the underlying problem was not so much a matter of simplifying procedures or establishing grievance redressal machinery but was fundamentally of a systemic nature. It quickly became apparent that if our district administration is not sufficiently responsive, the basic reason is that it is not sufficiently representative. With the decay of Panchayati Raj institutions, the administration has got isolated from the people — thus dulling its sensitivity to the needs of the people.
A consensus also grew that a paternalistic model of district administration is not suitable for a society where the main thrust of administration is on development. It was agreed that the regulatory functions of administration should not be seen as an end in themselves, as they tended to be in colonial times, but as a means of reinforcing and sustaining the processes of broad-based develop¬ ment. There is also general agreement that a more representative and therefore more responsive administration would be better placed to relate the purposes of district administration to the larger goals of our national life — democracy, socialism, secularism and non-alignment.
At the same time, there is widespread concern at the whittling down of the powers and authority of the District Magistrate without, however, any corresponding whittling down of his responsibilities. In fact, the District Magistrate’s responsibilities have increased and diversified in proportion to the diminution of his powers and authority. This has led to indiscipline and confusion in the administration which manifest themselves in various forms of Coimbatore, 18Junc 1988 unresponsiveness. It is, therefore, necessary to restore to the District Magistrate his role as the single focal point of the district administration.
This is easier said than done. Some of the District Magistrates we have met at previous Workshops seemed to think that it would be possible to restore the power and authority of the office of District Magistrate by some sort of fiat or decree from the Central or State Government. To think along these lines is to misunderstand the nature of the historical processes at work. The office of District Magistrate has declined in significance and importance because it has not adapted itself to the changing realities. The major reality of post-Independence India is the assertion of the people’s will. The position of the District Magistrate can be restored only if it reinforces the democratic process and is responsive to the people. The attempt to preserve the office of District Magistrate as a kind of island of benevolent paternalism rising above the surging waves of democracy is what has resulted in the District Magistrate’s island being eroded. The basic task before you is to see how the pristine powers and authority of the office of District Magistrate can be meshed into and harmonized with the processes of democratic decentralization so that the forces of democracy reinforce the prestige and powers of the District Magistrate, even as the prestige and powers of the District Magistrate are so exercised as to reinforce the processes of democracy.
It has also emerged from the previous Workshops that development which devolves to the district from higher levels tends to be a form of development which is not sufficiently responsive to the needs of the people living in the district. In the absence of district planning, we have planning for projects and planning for program¬ mes but not really planning for the people. Also, planning must encompass much more than government schemes. It must act as a catalyst to involve the people in their own development, so that the people are not merely the passive recipients of the fruits of development but participate actively in the generation of develop¬ ment. That is why I have already announced that the Eighth Plan must be built upwards from the district and not, as in the past, conceived at ethereal levels and filtered down to the district. It is also likely that plans which have been conceived at district level will be more conscientiously implemented at the district level, which is the level at which most of our people interface with the administration. Many of the District Magistrates we have met at previous Workshops have shown themselves enthusiastic about district planning but reserved and cautious about vesting decisions regarding district planning in an elected authority. Other District Magistrates have opined that effective district planning must go hand in hand with Panchayati Raj. Panchayati Raj without district planning might be a somewhat hollow shell, even as district planning without Panchayati Raj would be unrepresentative and, therefore, perhaps less than responsive to the people’s felt needs.
Democratic district planning requires expertise. We should not look for this expertise by vastly expanding the size of the administra¬ tive machinery. Already, the costs of administration, that is the costs of delivery, are eating up too large a proportion of the resources available. The people benefit from only a small fraction of the total outlay. For making district planning effective, a few additional posts might be required but, by and large, the process must draw upon and develop local talent. Such talent is available in almost all districts in local colleges and other educational institutions, in voluntary agencies operating in the area, in professional organisations and the community at large. Your task here is to see how best to marry the institutions of Panchayati Raj with the requirements of district planning so that without any sacrifice of technical excellence, it becomes possible to produce a district plan which reflects the needs, aspirations and priorities of the people. Even as district planning based on representative political institutions will reflect the people’s priorities and aspirations, so will district planning which involves the participation of local, resident expertise better incorporate the interests of the community. Therefore, in studying in detail the four district plans which are before you, I would like, you not only to pay attention to their strengths and weaknesses and the lessons they hold, but also consider the mechanisms we must devise to ensure greater expertise and greater local participation in the planning process. Our goal must be excellence without augmenting the costs of admmistration.
Democratic decentralization is not merely a devolution of power. It must also comprise a devolution of responsibility. There are two major responsibilities which the institutions of democracy must exercise. The first is financial discipline. Authorities who merely spend can never be financially responsible. For fiscal discipline and responsible planning, it is essential that at least some part of revenues and resources be raised by the spending authority. This is indeed a question far larger than the mere balancing of budgets.
Experience has taught us that when the nexus between revenue¬ earning and expenditure is broken, it becomes tempting to look for populist welfare schemes at the expense of hard development. A proper balance must be maintained. In the ultimate analysis, if the right balance is not maintained, this would be to the detriment of the people. When the community realises that it is itself contributing to the development process, the chances are that the accent will remain on balanced development with long-run advantages rather than only populist short-term measures pursued at the cost of long-term development. It is, therefore, important that you go into this aspect of the issues before you.
The second major responsibility which devolves on Panchayati Raj institutions is protecting and safeguarding the interests of the weaker sections of society: the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the minorities, women and other disadvantaged or potential¬ ly disadvantaged sections of society. The apprehension has been voiced that in so unequal a society as ours, the first consequence of Panchayati Raj will be to reinforce the dominance of the already dominant socio-economic groups. This apprehension needs to be taken into consideration very seriously. Is it because elections to Panchayati Raj institutions are sporadic and uncertain that there is a tendency for these institutions to be dominated by the dominant groups? If so, if we are able to ensure regular periodic elections to these bodies, is the same process likely to operate at the Panchayati Raj level as we have already seen operating in the State Assemblies and Parliament, namely, the dilution of dominance by vested class and caste interests. In the State Assemblies and Parliament, we have seen that dominant socio-economic groups splinter by loyalties to rival political parties and also the need to enter into coalitions of interest with other groups, especially those which might be economi¬ cally and socially weaker but are numerically stronger. The regular functiooing of democracy in Panchayati Raj institutions will itself ensure, over a period of time, that there is no monopoly of power, by dominant socio-economic groups. While this is the long-term solution, in the immediate future there will be serious problems unless we build constitutional and legislative safeguards into the system from the very beginning. There also has to be specific attention paid -to such matters as effective tribal control – over the ‘ expenditure of Tribal Sub-plan funds and effective Scheduled Caste control over the expenditure of Special Component Plan funds. We would like you to give the deepest attention to this question of safeguards, checks and balances and the involvement of the weaker sections in Panchayati Raj institutions to ensure that democratic decentralization is not detrimental to their interests.
In earlier Workshops, there was evidence of two different trends of thought. One is the gradualist approach, which would wish to see a phased replacement of a bureaucratic administration by full-fledged democratic district administration. The other is that we must take the plunge now, and unreservedly base responsive administration upon representative administration. We would want you to flesh out the arguments for and against these two views, which have, so far, been set out only in somewhat skeleton form. The consensus you build on this will crucially determine your views on all that follows: the structure of Panchayati Raj institutions, the responsibilities to be devolved through democratic decentralization, the relationship between district officialdom and the elected authority the content and methodology of district planning. Therefore, I would like you to go through in detail the alternatives of the gradualist approach versus the direct approach.
Related to this is the question of the pace at which democratic decentralization must reach below the zila parishad level to mandal panchayats and gram sabhas. Should decentralization to these levels be simultaneous with the introduction of district-level democracy or would it be better to consolidate democratic institutions at the district level before going down to lower levels? We also seek your views on whether the President of the zila parishad should be elected directly by the people or by an electoral college comprising the members of the zila parishad and possibly, subordinate elected bodies. Please also deliberate upon the need or otherwise to have a District Planning Board separate from the zila parishad. Would the needs of responsive district administration be best met by zila parishad which is akin to a form of district government or would it be better to have a multiplicity of bodies with separate jurisdictions? And if the central role in district planning is assigned to the zila parishad, how do we associate other elected representatives, like MPs, MLAs and MLCs with the exercise?
In previous Workshops, considerable attention has been paid to matters of administrative detail. We have a host of recommendations regarding personnel matters, service conditions and transfers. We also have recommendations regarding the simplification of proce¬ dures, grievance redressal and innovations in district administration. We have been told that the cutting edge of the administration is not really the District Magistrate but lies much lower, at the block and village level. I have suggested that we might regard the cutting edge as being like a modern razor, with several successive cutting edges! The problems of personnel, motivation and training at these levels have been highlighted and interesting suggestions offered. Particular mention has been made of the problems arising from the complete separation of the judiciary from the executive, as also the relationship between the Police Service and the Civil Service. What I would like you to do at this Workshop is to integrate these disparate suggestions into a unified view of how to make district administra¬ tion more responsive by making it more representative. For example, at Jaipur, somebody came out with a proposal for establishing a Board to exercise general control and supervision over the grievance redressal machinery. Should there be a separate Board or should this become an essential function of an elected zila parishad?
The different issues on which we seek your views have been set out with considerable competence in the theme paper which is before you as well as the summaries of points arising out of the deliberations of previous Workshops on the different sub-themes. I would like to congratulate Minister Chidambaram and his colleagues on the excellent work they have done in preparing these papers. At this final Workshop, I would like the different Groups to study and elaborate the summaries of each of the sub-themes rather than start the exercise de novo. Some of the arguments have been somewhat hastily or sketchily set out. There are some points which have, perhaps, not been taken into consideration. One would, of course, encourage you to provide any new ideas you might have on the different subjects. So, each of the Groups should build upon the paper that already exists, but without regarding the points mentioned in the papers as any kind of constraint on their own freedom of thought and action.
We have found in the past that some District Magistrates tend to feel under an obligation to defend the model they are familiar with rather than exercise their own independence of judgement. We would like you to feel quite unfettered by your previous experience or the present practice. We are interested in what you think is the best model, not necessarily the model which you are presently administering. If you think conditions obtaining in different parts of the country warrant several different models, please set out in detail the alternatives you would suggest. However, it is important to ensure that the different models you suggest do not represent different degrees of democratic decentralization. Clearly the representativeness of Panchayati Raj institutions must be approximately the same eveywhere in the country even if the particular form or structure is varied to meet local requirements.
I also hope there will be much more and better co-ordination among the Groups at Coimbatore than was in evidence at some earlier Workshops. Such co-ordination can only come about through greater interaction between the Groups. When reports are prepared within each Group without reference to the reports being prepared by other Groups, anomalies are felt unresolved. I hope you will be able to so organise your work that Group reports are discussed in a plenary session among yourselves before we get down to any discussions with each of the Groups on Monday evening and Tuesday morning.
I hope the discussions at the Coimbatore Workshop will be marked by sparkle and zest. You would have heard from your colleagues who attended the previous Workshops that we encourage the exchange of experience, that we welcome bold and innovative thinking, and that we discourage anyone being inhibited by his present position in the administrative hierarchy. You represent the intellectual elite of the country. You are part of the administrative system that, almost uniquely among developing countries, has given independent India continuity and stability. Your colleagues in previous Workshops have demonstrated a remarkable commitment to the basic themes of our modern nationhood— democracy, socialism, secularism and non-alignment. They have also shown themselves to be dedicated, hardworking and upright. I have no doubt that you share these characteristics with your colleagues. It only increases your responsibility to furnish us with cogent, consistent proposals for making our district administration more representative, more responsible and, therefore, more responsive.